Tundra vole

Tundra vole
	Tundra vole in Alaska
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Cricetidae
Subfamily:	Arvicolinae
Genus:	Alexandromys
Species:	A. oeconomus
Binomial name
	Alexandromys oeconomus; (Pallas, 1776)
Synonyms
	Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776); Mus oeconomus Pallas, 1776;

The tundra vole (Alexandromys oeconomus) or root vole is a medium-sized vole found in Northern and Central Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America, including Alaska and northwestern Canada.^[2] In the western part of the Netherlands, the tundra vole is a relict from the ice age and has developed into the subspecies Alexandromys oeconomus arenicola.

Description

The tundra vole has short ears and a short tail. Its fur is yellowish brown with paler sides and white underparts. It is typically about 18 cm (7.1 in) long with a 4 cm (1.6 in) tail and a weight of about 50 grams (1.8 oz).

The tundra vole displays sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than the females observably as adults.^[3]

Habitat

The tundra vole is found in damp tundra or moist meadows, usually near water.

Behaviour and diet

This species makes runways through the surface growth in warm weather and tunnels through the snow in winter. It feeds on grasses, sedges and seeds. It is active year-round. It also digs burrows where it stores seeds and roots, especially licorice root, for the winter.

Breeding

Female voles have three to six litters of three to nine young in a shallow burrow. The vole population in a given area can vary greatly from year to year. To add on, Root voles have highest fecundity during May and June, but can prolong their mating season all the way until winter. ^[4]

Subspecies

Subspecies are as follows:^[5]

A. o. amakensis - Amak Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States
A. o. arenicola - Dutch tundra vole - Netherlands
A. o. elymocetes - Montague Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States
A. o. finmarchicus - Norwegian tundra vole - Norway
A. o. innuitus - St. Lawrence Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States
A. o. medius - Norwegian tundra vole - Norway
A. o. mehelyi - Central European tundra vole - Austria, Hungary and Slovakia
A. o. oeconomus - nominate subspecies - widespread
A. o. popofensis - Shumagin Islands tundra vole - Alaska, United States
A. o. punakensis - Punuk Islands tundra vole - Alaska, United States
A. o. sitkensis - Alexander Archipelago tundra vole - Alaska, United States
A. o. unalascensis - Unalaska Island tundra vole - Alaska, United States

Genetic Variability

There are a lot of subspecies of Alexandromys oeconomus due to the changing environment that they have had to endure since the glacier/ice-age, as well as isolation of populations ^[6]. To add on, human interaction greatly affects the environment they are in ^[7]. As a result, voles have lost genetic diversity as seen through a lessened heterozygous population for certain genes within separated populations^[8]. Roads and structures do not necessarily limit species interaction, but it is the distance created between other communities of voles that limit gene flow.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Linzey, A.V.; Shar, S.; Lkhagvasuren, D.; Juškaitis, R.; Sheftel, B.; Meinig, H.; Amori, G. & Henttonen, H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Microtus oeconomus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13451A115113894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13451A22347188.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^ "Alexandromys oeconomus". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists.
^ Balčiauskas, L., & Balčiauskienė, L. (2024). Sexual Body Size Dimorphism in Small Mammals: A Case Study from Lithuania. Biology, 13(12), 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121032
^ Starikov, V.P., Kravchenko, V.N. & Volodina, O.Y. Breeding and Population Structure of the Root Vole Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776 (Cricetidae, Rodentia) in the Southern Trans-Ural Region. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 50, 2782–2790 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023100266
^ Witte van den Bosch, R. and Bekker, D. (2009). Verdwijnt de oer-Hollandse lemming? Geschiedenis en toekomst van de noordse woelmuis. Zoogdier 20-4: p.p 3-7. (in Dutch)
^ Kelemen, K. A., Urzi, F., Buzan, E., Horváth, G. F., Tulis, F., & Baláž, I. (2021). Genetic variability and conservation of the endangered Pannonian root vole in fragmented habitats of an agricultural landscape. Nature Conservation (43, 167–191). doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.58798
^ Prakas, P., Butkauskas, D., Balčiauskienė, L., & Balčiauskas, L. (2024). Low Genetic Variability of the Tundra Vole in Lithuania. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 14(2), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020270
^ Kelemen, K. A., Urzi, F., Buzan, E., Horváth, G. F., Tulis, F., & Baláž, I. (2021). Genetic variability and conservation of the endangered Pannonian root vole in fragmented habitats of an agricultural landscape. Nature Conservation (43, 167–191). doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.58798
^ Prakas, P., Butkauskas, D., Balčiauskienė, L., & Balčiauskas, L. (2024). Low Genetic Variability of the Tundra Vole in Lithuania. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 14(2), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020270

[iucn-1] Linzey, A.V.; Shar, S.; Lkhagvasuren, D.; Juškaitis, R.; Sheftel, B.; Meinig, H.; Amori, G. & Henttonen, H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Microtus oeconomus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13451A115113894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13451A22347188.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.

[asm-2] "Alexandromys oeconomus". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists.

[3] Balčiauskas, L., & Balčiauskienė, L. (2024). Sexual Body Size Dimorphism in Small Mammals: A Case Study from Lithuania. Biology, 13(12), 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121032

[4] Starikov, V.P., Kravchenko, V.N. & Volodina, O.Y. Breeding and Population Structure of the Root Vole Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776 (Cricetidae, Rodentia) in the Southern Trans-Ural Region. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 50, 2782–2790 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359023100266

[ZoogdierDec2009-5] Witte van den Bosch, R. and Bekker, D. (2009). Verdwijnt de oer-Hollandse lemming? Geschiedenis en toekomst van de noordse woelmuis. Zoogdier 20-4: p.p 3-7. (in Dutch)

[6] Kelemen, K. A., Urzi, F., Buzan, E., Horváth, G. F., Tulis, F., & Baláž, I. (2021). Genetic variability and conservation of the endangered Pannonian root vole in fragmented habitats of an agricultural landscape. Nature Conservation (43, 167–191). doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.58798

[7] Prakas, P., Butkauskas, D., Balčiauskienė, L., & Balčiauskas, L. (2024). Low Genetic Variability of the Tundra Vole in Lithuania. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 14(2), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020270

[8] Kelemen, K. A., Urzi, F., Buzan, E., Horváth, G. F., Tulis, F., & Baláž, I. (2021). Genetic variability and conservation of the endangered Pannonian root vole in fragmented habitats of an agricultural landscape. Nature Conservation (43, 167–191). doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.58798

[9] Prakas, P., Butkauskas, D., Balčiauskienė, L., & Balčiauskas, L. (2024). Low Genetic Variability of the Tundra Vole in Lithuania. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 14(2), 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020270

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