Muzaffarids (Gujarat)
The Muzaffarid dynasty, also called the Muzaffarids, and sometimes, the Ahmedabad dynasty, ruled the Sultanate of Gujarat in western India from 1391 to 1583. The founder of the dynasty was Zafar Khan (later Muzaffar Shah I) who was governor of Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate. When the Sultanate was weakened by the sacking of Delhi by Timur in 1398, and Zafar Khan took the opportunity to establish himself as sultan of an independent Gujarat. His Grand son, Ahmed Shah I established the capital at Ahmedabad.[1] The dynasty ruled for almost 200 years, until the conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal Empire in 1572.[2] The sultanate reached its peak of expansion under Mahmud Begada, reaching east into Malwa and west to the Gulf of Kutch.[3]
Origins
[edit]The Muzaffarid dynasty was founded by Zafar Khan son of Saharan Kalal, a wine seller, in a Muslim Kalal family. His aunt (sister of Saharan) married into Tughlaq royal family after which they converted to Islam.[4][5]
In medieval history, historians wrote about his family belonging to Khummars or Kalals, also known for hereditary occupation of wine selling.[4][6][7][5][8]
Zafar Khan's father Saharan, has been variously described as a Chaudhary[9] who was an agriculturist by profession, and a member of Kalal tribe. Tank is a Kalal subcaste which claim Haihaya Kshatriya descent and have customs similar to that of Rajputs.[4][10]
Some recent claims suggest he might have been a Tank Rajput[9] from Thanesar in modern-day Haryana,[11] or a Tānk Khatri[12] from southern Punjab,[13] or even a Jat convert to Islam.[14][15] These claims are not supported by medieval historians and texts which suggest the family origin to be related with Kalal tribe.[4][7][5][6] They converted to Islam after marriage of Zafar's paternal aunt in Tughlaq royal family, after which family rose to prominence.[4]
During the reign of Bahadur Shah, the Gujarat kingdom was described to be of Afghan origin.[16][17][18] Zafar Khan adopted the name Wajih-ul-Mulk. Wajih-ul-Mulk and his brother were influential Chaudharis who were agriculturists by profession but could also muster thousands of fighting men on their call.[19] His Hindu forebears claimed descent from Rāmachandra, who the Hindus worshipped as God. Such genealogies were fabricated to glorify royalty and were generally not accepted.[20] When the Sultanate was weakened by the sacking of Delhi by Timur in 1398, and Zafar Khan took the opportunity to establish himself as sultan of an independent Gujarat. His grand son, Ahmed Shah I established the capital at Ahmedabad.[21] The dynasty ruled for almost 200 years, until the conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal Empire in 1572.[2] The sultanate reached its peak of expansion under Mahmud Begada, reaching east into Malwa and west to the Gulf of Kutch.[3]
Sultans of Gujarat Sultanate
[edit]| Title/Name[22] | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah I شمس الدین مظفر شاہ اول |
Zafar Khan | 1391–1403 (1st Reign) | |
| Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Shah I نصیر الدین محمد شاہ اول |
Tatar Khan | 1403–1404 | |
| Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah I شمس الدین مظفر شاہ اول |
Zafar Khan | 1404–1411 (2nd Reign) | |
| Nasir-ud-Din Ahmad Shah I ناصر الدین احمد شاہ اول |
Ahmad Khan | 1411–1442 | |
| Muizz-ud-Din Muhammad Shah II المعز الدین محمد شاہ دوم |
Karim Khan | 1442–1451 | |
| Qutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II قطب الدین احمد شاہ دوم |
Jalal Khan | 1451–1458 | |
| Daud Shah داود شاہ |
Daud Khan | 1458 | |
| Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah I (Mahmud Begada) ناصر الدین محمود شاہ اول محمود بگڑا |
Fateh Khan | 1458–1511 | |
| Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah II شمس الدین مظفر شاہ دوم |
Khalil Khan | 1511–1526 | |
| Sikandar Shah سکندر شاہ |
Sikandar Khan | 1526 | |
| Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II ناصر الدین محمود شاہ دوم |
Nasir Khan | 1526 | |
| Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah قطب الدین بہادرشاہ |
Bahadur Khan | 1526–1535 (1st Reign) | |
| Interregnum Mughal Empire under Humayun: 1535 - 1536 | |||
| Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah قطب الدین بہادرشاہ |
Bahadur Khan | 1536–1537 (2nd Reign) | |
| Miran Muhammad Shah I میران محمد شاہ تریہم |
Miran Muhammad Faruqi of Khandesh | 6 weeks; 1537 | |
| Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah III ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تریہم |
Mahmud Khan | 1537–1554 | |
| Ghiyas-ud-Din Ahmad Shah III غیاث الدین احمد شاہ تریہم |
Ahmad Khan | 1554–1561 | |
| Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah III شمس الدین مظفر شاہ تریہم |
Hubboo[23] or Nannu or Nathu[24](a pretender according to Mughal historians) | 1561–1573 | |
| Interregnum Mughal Empire under Akbar: 1573–1583 | |||
| Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah III شمس الدین مظفر شاہ تریہم |
Hubboo or Nannu or Nathu (a pretender according to Mughal historians) | 1583 (Restored) | |
| Mughal Empire under Akbar | |||
Family tree
[edit]| Muzaffar Shah I ?-1411 Governor of Gujarat R.1391-1403, 1404-1407 Sultan of Gujarat R.1407-1411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad Shah I ?-1404 Governor of Gujarat R.1403-1404 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ahmad Shah I 1389-1442 Sultan of Gujarat R.1411-1442 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muhammad Shah II ?-1451 Sultan of Gujarat R.1442-1451 | Daud Shah Sultan of Gujarat R.1458 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ahmad Shah II 1429-1458 Sultan of Gujarat R.1451-1458 | Mahmud Shah I 1445-1511 Sultan of Gujarat R.1458-1511 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muzaffar Shah II ?-1526 Sultan of Gujarat R.1511-1526 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sikandar Shah ?-1526 Sultan of Gujarat R.1526 | Mahmud Shah II ?-1526 Sultan of Gujarat R.1526 | Bahadur Shah ?-1537 Sultan of Gujarat R.1526-1535, 1536-1537 | Latif Khan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ahmad Shah III ?-1561 Sultan of Gujarat R.1554-1561 | Muzaffar Shah III ?-1592 Sultan of Gujarat R.1561-1573, 1583 | Mahmud Shah III 1526-1554 Sultan of Gujarat R.1537-1554 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad. Government Central Press. 1879. p. 249.
- ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ a b Sudipta Mitra (2005). Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion. Indus Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-7387-183-2.
- ^ a b c d e Pawar, Kiran (1996). Women in Indian History: Social, Economic, Political and Cultural Perspectives. Vision & Venture. ISBN 978-81-86769-01-0. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain (1987). Islam and Muslims in South Asia: Historical Perspective. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
- ^ a b Manglik, Mr Rohit (2023-08-21). Urbanisation in India: [9789366894775]. EduGorilla Community Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-93-6689-477-5.
- ^ a b Medieval India: Researches in the History of India, 1200-1750. Oxford University Press. 1992.
- ^ History, Aligarh Muslim University Centre of Advanced Study in (1999). Medieval India I: Essays in the History of India, 1200-1750. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564658-0.
- ^ a b "The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat. A history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. [With a map.] | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 138. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
The two brothers were chaudharis of a rather numerous agrarian community, tilling the soil, not high in the caste hierarchy but not without strength in the neighborhood
- ^ Gahlot, Sukhvir Singh; Dhar, Banshi (1989). Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan. Jain Brothers. ISBN 978-81-85287-00-3.
- ^ Kapadia, Aparna (2018). In Praise of Kings Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9781107153318.
These men, a certain Saharan and his brother Sadhu, were, mostly likely peasants or pastoralists, non-Muslim Tank Rajputs from Thanesar in northwestern India (modern-day Haryana).
- ^ *Wink, André (2003). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-04-13561-1.
Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of low subdivision called Tank.
- Khan, Iqtidar Alam (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
The founder of the Gujarat Sultanate he was a convert from a sect of Hindu Khatris known as Tanks.
- Misra, S. C. (Satish Chandra) (1963). The rise of Muslim power in Gujarat; a history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Internet Archive. New York, Asia Pub. House. p. 137.
Zafar Khan was not a foreign muslim. He was a convert to Islam from a sect of the Khatris known as Tank.
- Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-19-566526-0.
Zafar Khan (entitled Muzaffar Shah) himself was a convert to Islam from a sub-caste of the Khatris known as Tank.
- Khan, Iqtidar Alam (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
- ^ Wink, André (2003). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-04-13561-1.
Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called the Tank, originally from Southern Punjab
- ^ Agnihotri, V.K (1988). Indian History. Allied Publishers. pp. B-131. ISBN 9788184245684.
- ^ Rizvi, S.A.A (1987). The Wonder That Was India. Allied Publishers. p. 69. ISBN 9788184245684.
The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam.
- ^ Collier, Dirk (2016-03-01). The Great Mughals and their India. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-84544-98-0.
His next opponent was Sultan Bahadur Shah, the ambitious Afghan king of Gujarat. A relatively small but wealthy and increasingly powerful kingdom, which had by now become a place for many disgruntled Afghan warlords from all over Hindustan.
- ^ Ali, Kausar (1977). A New History of Indo-Pakistan, Since 1526. Aziz Publishers.
Bahadur Shah was another Afghan chief who had made himself an independent ruler of Malwa and Gujrat. He had given shelter to Alam Khan, the uncle of Ibrahim Lodi and was preparing to fight for the throne in his name.
- ^ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-14-100143-2.
The Afghans, defeated but not crushed, remained in power in Bihar and Bengal ... Further south was the prosperous Afghan kingdom of Gujarat, a rallying ground for ambitious Afghans.
- ^ "The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat. A history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. [With a map.] | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 138. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
The two brothers were chaudharis of a rather numerous agrarian community, tilling the soil, not high in the caste hierarchy but not without strength in the neighborhood
- ^ Chandra., MISRA, Satish (1963). The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat. A history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. [With a map.]. London; Bombay printed. p. 137. OCLC 752803447.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad. Government Central Press. 1879. p. 249.
- ^ The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys Series; Author:Clifford Edmund Bosworth ISBN 0-7486-2137-7, ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
